https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ug411w7sb

Promise.all;

Promise.all 是静态方法，不能写在 prototype 上，如果是 then,catch 等实例方法，要写在 promise.prototype 上

用类写的话，直接 static

if (promise instanceof Promise) {
}

这个判断可以省略掉，直接写成

Promise.resolve(promise);

这样不管是常量还是 promise 都包装成了 Promise

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Promise/A+规范

官方的地址为：https://promisesaplus.com/

林三心版本 Promise

https://juejin.cn/post/6994594642280857630

class MyPromise {
  constructor(executor) {
    this.initValue();
    this.initBind();
    try {
      executor(this.resolve, this.reject);
    } catch (error) {
      this.reject(error);
    }
  }
  initValue() {
    this.PromiseState = "pending";
    this.PromiseResult = null;
    this.onFulfilledCallbacks = [];
    this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];
  }
  initBind() {
    this.resolve = this.resolve.bind(this);
    this.reject = this.reject.bind(this);
  }
  resolve(value) {
    if (this.PromiseState !== "pending") return;
    this.PromiseState = "fulfilled";
    this.PromiseResult = value;
    while (this.onFulfilledCallbacks.length) {
      this.onFulfilledCallbacks.shift()(this.PromiseResult);
    }
  }

  reject(reason) {
    if (this.PromiseState !== "pending") return;
    this.PromiseState = "rejected";
    this.PromiseResult = reason;
    while (this.onRejectedCallbacks.length) {
      this.onRejectedCallbacks.shift()(this.PromiseResult);
    }
  }

  then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
    onFulfilled =
      typeof onFulfilled === "function" ? onFulfilled : (val) => val;
    onRejected =
      typeof onRejected === "function"
        ? onRejected
        : (reason) => {
            throw new Error(reason);
          };
    var thenPromise = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      const resolvePromise = (cb) => {
        queueMicrotask(() => {
          try {
            const x = cb(this.PromiseResult);
            if (x === thenPromise) {
              throw new Error("不能返回自身");
            }
            if (x instanceof MyPromise) {
              x.then(resolve, reject);
            } else {
              resolve(x);
            }
          } catch (error) {
            reject(error);
          }
        });
      };
      if (this.PromiseState === "fulfilled") {
        resolvePromise(onFulfilled);
      } else if (this.PromiseState === "rejected") {
        resolvePromise(onRejected);
      } else if (this.PromiseState === "pending") {
        this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(resolvePromise.bind(this, onFulfilled));
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(resolvePromise.bind(this, onRejected));
      }
    });
    return thenPromise;
  }

  // 语法糖
  finally(cb) {
    return then(
      (res) => MyPromise.resolve(cb()).then(() => res),
      (err) => MyPromise.resolve(cb()).then(() => throw err)
    );
  }

  catch(onRejected) {
    return this.then(null, onRejected);
  }

  static all(promises) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        let result = []
        let count = 0 // count 是确保 myPromiseAll 在所有 Promise 都完成后再返回结果的关键。它通过跟踪已完成的 Promise 数量来确保不会提前返回结果。
        for (let i = 0; i < promises.length; i++) {
            promises[i].then(res => {
                result[i] = res
                count++
                if (count === promises.length) {
                    resolve(result)
                }
            }).catch(err => {
                reject(err)
            })
        }
    })
  }

  static race(promises) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        for (let i = 0; i < promises.length; i++) {
            // 简写 promises[i].then(resolve, reject)
            promises[i].then(res => {
                resolve(res)
            }).catch(err => {
                reject(err)
            })
        }
    })
  }

  static allSettled(promises) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        let result = [];
        let count = 0;
        for (let i = 0; i < promises.length; i++) {
            promises[i].then(res => {
                result[i] = {
                    status: 'fulfilled',
                    value: res
                }
            }).catch(err => {
                result[i] = {
                    status: 'rejected',
                    reason: err
                }
            }).finally(() => {
                count++
                if (count === promises.length) {
                    resolve(result)
                }
            })
        }
    })
  }

  static any(promises) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        let count = 0;
        for (let i = 0; i < promises.length; i++) {
            promises[i].then(resolve).catch(() => {
                count++;
                if (count === promises.length) {
                    reject(new AggregateError("All promises were rejected"));
                }
            });
        }
    })
  }
}

const test2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    reject(222);
  }, 2000);
});

const test = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    reject(111);
  }, 1000);
});

const test3 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    reject(333);
  }, 3000);
});
// Promise.race([test2, test, test3]).then(console.log);
// MyPromise.race([test2, test, test3]).then(console.log);

// Promise.all([test2, test, test3]).then(console.log, console.error);
// MyPromise.all([test2, test, test3]).then(console.log, console.error);

// Promise.allSettled([test2, test, test3]).then(console.log, console.error);
// MyPromise.allSettled([test2, test, test3]).then(console.log, console.error);

Promise.any([test2, test, test3]).then(console.log, console.error);
MyPromise.any([test2, test, test3]).then(console.log, console.error);

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术语

“promise” is an object or function with a then method whose behavior conforms to this specification. “thenable” is an object or function that defines a then method. “value” is any legal JavaScript value (including undefined, a thenable, or a promise). “exception” is a value that is thrown using the throw statement. “reason” is a value that indicates why a promise was rejected.

1. “promise”：是一个具有 then 方法的对象或者函数，它的行为符合该规范。

2. “thenable”：是一个定义了 then 方法的对象或者函数。

3. “value”：可以是任何一个合法的 JavaScript 的值（包括 undefined、thenable 或 promise）。

4. “exception”：是一个异常，是在 Promise 里面可以用 throw 语句抛出来的值。

5. “reason”：是一个 Promise 里 reject 之后返回的拒绝原因。

状态描述

A promise must be in one of three states: pending, fulfilled, or rejected. When pending, a promise: may transition to either the fulfilled or rejected state. When fulfilled, a promise: must not transition to any other state. must have a value, which must not change. When rejected, a promise: must not transition to any other state. must have a reason, which must not change. Here, “must not change” means immutable identity (i.e. ===), but does not imply deep immutability.

1. 一个 Promise 有三种状态：pending、fulfilled 和 rejected。

2. 当状态为 pending 状态时，即可以转换为 fulfilled 或者 rejected 其中之一

3. 当状态为 fulfilled 状态时，就不能转换为其他状态了，必须返回一个不能再改变的值

4. 当状态为 rejected 状态时，同样也不能转换为其他状态，必须有一个原因的值也不能改变

then 方法

一个 Promise 必须拥有一个 then 方法来访问它的值或者拒绝原因

then 方法有两个参数

promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected)

onFulfilled 和 onRejected 特性

如果 onFulfilled 是函数，则当 Promise 执行结束之后必须被调用，最终返回值为 value，其调用次数不可超过一次。而 onRejected 除了最后返回的是 reason 外，其他方面和 onFulfilled 在规范上的表述基本一样

多次调用

then 方法其实可以被一个 Promise 调用多次，且必须返回一个 Promise 对象。then 的写法如下所示，其中 Promise1 执行了 then 的方法之后，返回的依旧是个 Promise2，然后我们拿着 Promise2 又可以执行 then 方法，而 Promise2 是一个新的 Promise 对象，又可以继续进行 then 方法调用

promise2 = promise1.then(onFulfilled, onRejected);

一步步实现 Promise

按照 Promise/A+ 的规范，第一步就是构造函数

构造函数

Promise 构造函数接受一个 executor 函数，executor 函数执行完同步或者异步操作后，调用它的两个参数 resolve 和 reject

function Promise(executor) {
  var self = this;
  self.status = "pending"; // Promise当前的状态
  self.data = undefined; // Promise的值
  self.onResolvedCallback = []; // Promise resolve时的回调函数集
  self.onRejectedCallback = []; // Promise reject时的回调函数集
  executor(resolve, reject); // 执行executor并传入相应的参数
}

从上面的代码中可以看出，我们先定义了一个 Promise 的初始状态 pending，以及参数执行函数 executor，并且按照规范设计了一个 resolve 回调函数集合数组 onResolvedCallback 以及 一个 reject 回调函数集合数组，那么构造函数的初始化就基本完成了

接下来我们看看还需要添加什么东西呢？那就是需要在构造函数中完善 resolve 和 reject 两个函数，完善之后的代码如下

function Promise(executor) {
  var self = this;
  self.status = "pending"; // Promise当前的状态
  self.data = undefined; // Promise的值
  self.onResolvedCallback = []; // Promise resolve时的回调函数集
  self.onRejectedCallback = []; // Promise reject时的回调函数集
  function resolve(value) {
    // TODO
  }
  function reject(reason) {
    // TODO
  }
  try {
    // 考虑到执行过程中有可能出错，所以我们用try/catch块给包起
    executor(resolve, reject); // 执行executor
  } catch (e) {
    reject(e);
  }
}

resolve 和 reject 内部应该怎么实现呢？我们根据规范知道这两个方法主要做的事情就是返回对应状态的值 value 或者 reason，并把 Promise 内部的 status 从 pending 变成对应的状态，并且这个状态在改变了之后是不可以逆转的

function Promise(executor) {
  // ...上面的省略
  function resolve(value) {
    if (self.status === "pending") {
      self.status = "resolved";
      self.data = value;
      for (var i = 0; i < self.onResolvedCallback.length; i++) {
        self.onResolvedCallback[i](value);
      }
    }
  }

  function reject(reason) {
    if (self.status === "pending") {
      self.status = "rejected";
      self.data = reason;
      for (var i = 0; i < self.onRejectedCallback.length; i++) {
        self.onRejectedCallback[i](reason);
      }
    }
  }
  // 下面的省略
}

上述代码所展示的，基本就是在判断状态为 pending 之后，把状态改为相应的值，并把对应的 value 和 reason 存在内部的 data 属性上面，之后执行相应的回调函数

实现 then 方法

then 方法是 Promise 执行完之后可以拿到 value 或者 reason 的方法，并且还要保持 then 执行之后，返回的依旧是一个 Promise 方法，还要支持多次调用

// then方法接收两个参数onResolved和onRejected，分别为Promise成功或失败后的回调
Promise.prototype.then = function (onResolved, onRejected) {
  var self = this;
  var promise2;
  // 根据标准，如果then的参数不是function，则需要忽略它
  onResolved = typeof onResolved === "function" ? onResolved : function (v) {};
  onRejected = typeof onRejected === "function" ? onRejected : function (r) {};
  if (self.status === "resolved") {
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {}));
  }
  if (self.status === "rejected") {
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {}));
  }
  if (self.status === "pending") {
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {}));
  }
};

从上面的代码中可以看到，我们在 then 方法内部先初始化了 Promise2 的对象，用来存放执行之后返回的 Promise，并且还需要判断 then 方法传参进来的两个参数必须为函数，这样才可以继续执行。

上面我只是搭建了 then 方法框架的整体思路，但是不同状态的返回细节处理也需要完善，通过仔细阅读标准，完善之后的 then 的代码如下

Promise.prototype.then = function (onResolved, onRejected) {
  var self = this;
  var promise2;
  // 根据标准，如果then的参数不是function，则需要忽略它
  onResolved =
    typeof onResolved === "function" ? onResolved : function (value) {};
  onRejected =
    typeof onRejected === "function" ? onRejected : function (reason) {};
  if (self.status === "resolved") {
    // 如果promise1的状态已经确定并且是resolved，我们调用onResolved，考虑到有可能throw，所以还需要将其包在try/catch块里
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
      try {
        var x = onResolved(self.data);
        if (x instanceof Promise) {
          // 如果onResolved的返回值是一个Promise对象，直接取它的结果作为promise2的结果
          x.then(resolve, reject);
        }
        resolve(x); // 否则，以它的返回值作为promise2的结果
      } catch (e) {
        reject(e); // 如果出错，以捕获到的错误作为promise2的结果
      }
    }));
  }
  // 此处与前一个if块的逻辑几乎相同，区别在于所调用的是onRejected函数
  if (self.status === "rejected") {
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
      try {
        var x = onRejected(self.data);
        if (x instanceof Promise) {
          x.then(resolve, reject);
        }
      } catch (e) {
        reject(e);
      }
    }));
  }
  if (self.status === "pending") {
    // 如果当前的Promise还处于pending状态，我们并不能确定调用onResolved还是onRejected，只能等到Promise的状态确定后，才能确定如何处理
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
      self.onResolvedCallback.push(function (value) {
        try {
          var x = onResolved(self.data);
          if (x instanceof Promise) {
            x.then(resolve, reject);
          }
        } catch (e) {
          reject(e);
        }
      });
      self.onRejectedCallback.push(function (reason) {
        try {
          var x = onRejected(self.data);
          if (x instanceof Promise) {
            x.then(resolve, reject);
          }
        } catch (e) {
          reject(e);
        }
      });
    }));
  }
};

根据上面的代码可以看出，我们基本实现了一个符合标准的 then 方法。但是标准里提到了，还要支持不同的 Promise 进行交互，关于不同的 Promise 交互其实 Promise 标准说明(https://promisesaplus.com/#point-46)中有提到。其中详细指定了如何通过 then 的实参返回的值来决定 Promise2 的状态

关于为何需要不同的 Promise 实现交互，原因应该是 Promise 并不是 JS 一开始存在的标准，如果你使用的某一个库中封装了一个 Promise 的实现，想象一下如果它不能跟你自己使用的 Promise 实现交互的情况，其实还是会有问题的，因此我们还需要调整一下 then 方法中执行 Promise 的方法

另外还有一个需要注意的是，在 Promise/A+ 规范中，onResolved 和 onRejected 这两项函数需要异步调用，关于这一点，标准里面是这么说的

In practice, this requirement ensures that onFulfilled and onRejected execute asynchronously, after the event loop turn in which then is called, and with a fresh stack.

所以我们需要对代码做一点变动，即在处理 Promise 进行 resolve 或者 reject 的时候，加上 setTimeout(fn, 0)

完整版的代码

try {
  module.exports = Promise;
} catch (e) {}
function Promise(executor) {
  var self = this;
  self.status = "pending";
  self.onResolvedCallback = [];
  self.onRejectedCallback = [];
  function resolve(value) {
    if (value instanceof Promise) {
      return value.then(resolve, reject);
    }
    setTimeout(function () {
      // 异步执行所有的回调函数
      if (self.status === "pending") {
        self.status = "resolved";
        self.data = value;
        for (var i = 0; i < self.onResolvedCallback.length; i++) {
          self.onResolvedCallback[i](value);
        }
      }
    });
  }
  function reject(reason) {
    setTimeout(function () {
      // 异步执行所有的回调函数
      if (self.status === "pending") {
        self.status = "rejected";
        self.data = reason;
        for (var i = 0; i < self.onRejectedCallback.length; i++) {
          self.onRejectedCallback[i](reason);
        }
      }
    });
  }
  try {
    executor(resolve, reject);
  } catch (reason) {
    reject(reason);
  }
}
function resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject) {
  var then;
  var thenCalledOrThrow = false;
  if (promise2 === x) {
    return reject(new TypeError("Chaining cycle detected for promise!"));
  }
  if (x instanceof Promise) {
    if (x.status === "pending") {
      x.then(function (v) {
        resolvePromise(promise2, v, resolve, reject);
      }, reject);
    } else {
      x.then(resolve, reject);
    }
    return;
  }
  if (x !== null && (typeof x === "object" || typeof x === "function")) {
    try {
      then = x.then;
      if (typeof then === "function") {
        then.call(
          x,
          function rs(y) {
            if (thenCalledOrThrow) return;
            thenCalledOrThrow = true;
            return resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
          },
          function rj(r) {
            if (thenCalledOrThrow) return;
            thenCalledOrThrow = true;
            return reject(r);
          }
        );
      } else {
        resolve(x);
      }
    } catch (e) {
      if (thenCalledOrThrow) return;
      thenCalledOrThrow = true;
      return reject(e);
    }
  } else {
    resolve(x);
  }
}
Promise.prototype.then = function (onResolved, onRejected) {
  var self = this;
  var promise2;
  onResolved =
    typeof onResolved === "function"
      ? onResolved
      : function (v) {
          return v;
        };
  onRejected =
    typeof onRejected === "function"
      ? onRejected
      : function (r) {
          throw r;
        };
  if (self.status === "resolved") {
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
      setTimeout(function () {
        // 异步执行onResolved
        try {
          var x = onResolved(self.data);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        } catch (reason) {
          reject(reason);
        }
      });
    }));
  }
  if (self.status === "rejected") {
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
      setTimeout(function () {
        // 异步执行onRejected
        try {
          var x = onRejected(self.data);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        } catch (reason) {
          reject(reason);
        }
      });
    }));
  }
  if (self.status === "pending") {
    // 这里之所以没有异步执行，是因为这些函数必然会被resolve或reject调用，而resolve或reject函数里的内容已是异步执行，构造函数里的定义
    return (promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
      self.onResolvedCallback.push(function (value) {
        try {
          var x = onResolved(value);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        } catch (r) {
          reject(r);
        }
      });
      self.onRejectedCallback.push(function (reason) {
        try {
          var x = onRejected(reason);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        } catch (r) {
          reject(r);
        }
      });
    }));
  }
};
Promise.prototype.catch = function (onRejected) {
  return this.then(null, onRejected);
};
// 最后这个是测试用的，后面会说
Promise.deferred = Promise.defer = function () {
  var dfd = {};
  dfd.promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
    dfd.resolve = resolve;
    dfd.reject = reject;
  });
  return dfd;
};

最终版的 Promise 的实现还是需要经过规范的测试（Promise /A+ 规范测试的工具地址为：https://github.com/promises-aplus/promises-tests），需要暴露一个 deferred 方法（即 exports.deferred 方法），上面提供的代码中我已经将其加了进去

npm i -g promises-aplus-tests
promises-aplus-tests Promise.js

模拟异步任务

queueMicrotask

https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/API/HTML_DOM_API/Microtask_guide

setTimeout

因为这个是宏任务，所以不适合模拟

参考链接

• https://juejin.cn/post/6994594642280857630
• https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000021281507